Thursday 9 June 2011

Scope of pharmaceutics



Pharmaceutics… what it is related to?
There is a misconception pharmaceutics is saturated.  Whatever the branch may be, there is heavy competition due to increasing number of colleges.  Of course, I do agree that Pharmaceutics people are many in number as in every college, pharmaceutics is the first branch for which M.pharm course is started.  By this time, you all may know the two types in pharmaceutical industry.  One is related to manufacturing of bulk drugs and the other is formulations related.  Let us leave that bulk drug industry to chemistry people.  A formulation industry cannot exist without the presence of a pharmaceutics person.  People cannot take the bulk drug that is chemical as it is without making into a formulation.  So, there is life to pharmaceutics person as long as the pharmaceutical industry exists.
What is the job of a Pharmaceutics person?
I think many of you people have thinking in mind about setting up a pharmaceutical industry as you have prepared tablets using a tablet compression machine. We can prepare a tablet using any excipient. But it is the excipients used and their concentration is the key to success of particular formulation.  So, the formulation process begins with developing a successful formula. This is where the actual skill and knowledge of a pharmaceutics person is needed.  So F R&D (formulation research and development) is the dream department where a pharmaceutics person wants to join.  But, coming to the actual scenario of a person who did M.pharm in pharmaceutics is different.  As these industries have been established long back and there are very well experienced people in developing different formulations, after completing your M.pharm pharmaceutics you have to work as trainee.  Your team leader will assign you some work like doing granulation or mixing or punching etc.  A B.pharm person can also do that.  After some experience, you can try to become a team leader (higher salaries) and from here actual work starts.  You have to handle projects.  Indian industries are largely concentrating on ANDA (Abbreviated new drug application).  Some people may already know what it is.  Regulatory authorities in European countries are very strict, before approving a particular product to enter into their market; one has to show that it is similar to already existing product (innovator brand) in terms of quality, efficacy, and safety.  We have to prove that it is bio-equivalent to the already existing product.  Such filing is ANDA.  These types of projects will have to be handled after becoming a team leader.  Later, you will be promoted to higher levels depending on your knowledge.
Novel Drug Delivery systems (NDDS)
All of you may be having some knowledge on this area.  Many type of new drug delivery systems like Transdermal patches (TDDS), Medicated chewing gums, Muco-adhesive patches or tablets, different type of creams and gels with wide variety of drug release profiles like sustained, controlled, pulsatile delivery, targeted drug delivery are in research and development stage.  They have to be commercialized.  This is very interesting area.  But one needs good exposure in handling of such type of research projects.  This type of research requires high investments to commercialize and very few companies do that.   It is also difficult to find jobs in these areas.  But, if you once try for that and enter into it, attain some experience, there will be future.  Many of you may be seeing advertisements on Nicorette(helps in stop smoking) that is available as lozenges and gums.  Pharmaceutics people are required in the development of such kind of dosage forms.
Pharmacokinetics
According to my knowledge, there is a good scope in this area and there is shortage of people with good knowledge.  All of you might be exposed to compartmental modeling in determining various pharmacokinetic parameters.  There will be two compartment modeling and even non-compartmental approach for determination of these pharmacokinetic parameters.  These are generally carried out for new drugs or dosage forms.  The concept of this type of modeling is required.  You can develop interest in this area.  And again not many companies may do this. It is difficult to find jobs in this area. But, if you can enter into it, growth will be good.
Other interesting areas are Drug regulatory affairs and Intellectual property rights.  Drug regulatory affairs deals with, filing of approvals for export of drugs and pharmaceuticals to other countries.  Intellectual property rights is another department.  They deal with patenting the inventions either related to process or product.  
A Pharmaceutics person can also enter into other departments like production and quality assurance.  Your signatory power is valuable there.  With the reference of recommendations you can enter into these areas

NIPER Entrance Tips


Tips for preparing NIPER Entrance examination (NIPER JEE)

Introduction to NIPER :-

NIPER (National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Institute) was established under NIPER Act. The first NIPER institute was started at Mohali (Punjab). Currently, there are 7 NIPER institutes located at various places of India. Mentor institutes are present for every NIPER institute. These mentor institutes help in the constant development of institute by giving access to their equipments and other facilities to those students studying in respective NIPER colleges. Three types of courses M.Pharm, MS, Ph.D. and pharmaceutical MBA are offered. Pharmaceutical MBA is present only at NIPER Mohali. It is very important to note that MS courses in various branches are not recognized by PCI or AICTE. Hence, those students studying MS in NIPER institutes are not eligible to work as teachers in various university and private colleges. Simply, NIPER institutes can be compared with IITs of engineering. Once, if you are willing to join in NIPER institutes you have to train up your minds to go to research areas in their respective branches. Various courses offered, branches, Number of seats, Mentor institutes and other information about NIPER can be obtained from www.niper.nic.in

Overview of NIPER entrance test ( NIPER JEE):-

NIPER entrance consists of 200 questions which are to be answered in 2hrs (120min) which clearly indicates that time management is very important to get success in NIPER entrance. Understanding the question quickly is very important to pick the right choice. Each question carries one mark (total 200 marks) with ¼ negative marking for every wrong answer. It is wise to leave the question if you do not know the answer perfectly. Chemistry, Pharmacology, Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical analysis are the core subjects from which questions are being asked. There is no need to worry about Pharmacognosy or forensic pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Judispudence) as in GPAT. There is no official syllabus prescribed by NIPER institute for the entrance examination. Today, some coaching centres are available to train for the NIPER. Their materials and model question papers help to review the subject and practice time management. Some websites are conducting online course, competitions, giving model questions papers. www.pharmatutor.org is one of such web sites best known conducting online competition fair (OCF) for free of cost. Even though, if you are not able to afford the cost of coaching, you can secure a good rank in NIPER entrance if you can plan and prepare accordingly. Let us now see about subject wise preparation.
Chemistry:
Basic organic chemistry and biochemistry is required to answer the questions. There is no need to by heart the complex structures of drugs or SAR aspects as in GPAT. Stereochemistry, Named reactions, Basic methods of synthesis of various organic compounds is required. Thorough concepts of stereochemistry are required. You will be asked to identify the type of stereoisomer by giving various structures or the number of isomers that are possible for a structure. So be prepared for such type of questions.
Books: Sameuel (good for stereochemistry), Bahl and Bahl and Morrison Boyd (Named reactions, various methods of synthesis of organic compounds)
Pharmacology:
Types of receptors, receptor characterization, mechanism of actions, classification of drugs, overview of clinical trials, preclinical trials are to be concentrated. Importance should be given to the typical, specific type of adverse effects of drugs.
Books: Rang and Dale (You can answer maximum number of questions if you can read this book entirely)
Biochemistry, Biotechnology:
Classification of enzymes and their functions, mechanism of action of enzymes are to be given importance. Blotting techniques(Western, southern), Gel electrophoresis, Gene cloning, Immunoassays, protein, RNA, DNA synthesis, rDNA technology.
Books: U.Satyanarayana
Pharmaceutical analysis:
Entire spectroscopy and chromatographic techniques should be covered (UV-Visible, NMR, IR, Mass, XRD, Fluorimetry, HPLC, GC, LCMS). Thorough knowledge on interpretation of IR and NMR peaks is required. There is no need to study the entire instrumentation or the process. Principle involved in various techniques, examples of some drugs and columns is sufficient.
Books: YR Sharma, Chatwal
Other types of questions:
In addition to these subjects, there is a need to know about the recent drug molecules approved by USFDA and names of the scientists who made some important discoveries or inventions. Simple mathematics, logical questions, questions based on English language will be given. Students who can answer these types of questions will definitely have an edge over other students. Finally, efficient time management by answering the questions correctly in the limited time available will ultimately lead to success in NIPER entrance examination.
Resources: (Source: http:// gpatniper.weebly.com/ )
NIPER JEE Study Material:
NIPER JEE question papers :
Acknowledgements:
My sincere thanks my co-author Pavan Kumar Samudrala, who secured 199 rank in NIPER without any coaching and only by his hard work for helping me in writing this.
HOPE THIS WILL HELP YOU IN GETTING THROUGH THE NIPER EXAMINATION. HARD WORK NEVER FAILS. TRAIN UP YOUR MINDS TO GO TO RESEARCH FIELD FOR THE BETTER FUTURE OF YOU AND AS WELL AS COUNTRY.